{"id":904,"date":"2025-06-11T11:17:42","date_gmt":"2025-06-11T09:17:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/?page_id=904"},"modified":"2025-07-28T19:38:58","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T17:38:58","slug":"johan-reinhard","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/48-2\/johan-reinhard\/","title":{"rendered":"Johan Reinhard"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Johan Reinhard<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Archaeologist, anthropologist, and discoverer of the Capacocha mummies. Subject matter consultant for the project and participant in field research.
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About me<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Publications<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Research<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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About Me<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Dr Johan Reinhard<\/strong> Dr. Johan Reinhard was an Explorer-in-Residence at the National Geographic Society (NGS) during 1999-2013 and 1997. He is currently (2021) affiliated as an Explorer with NGS, as a Research Professor at Future Generations University, and as a Senior Research Fellow at The Mountain Institute (Peru). He has previously been a Research Associate of the Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago), a Research Associate of the National Institute of Archaeology (La Paz, Bolivia), a Visiting Professor at Catholic University (Salta, Argentina), an Honorary Professor of Catholic University (Arequipa, Peru), a Research Scientist of the Anthropology Department of the University of Wisconsin (Madison), and a Director of Peace Corps Training Projects for Nepal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Born in Illinois, he began his undergraduate studies in anthropology at the University of Arizona, before going on to receive his Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Vienna, Austria (1974). Much of his research has focused on the sacred beliefs and cultural practices of mountain peoples, especially in the Andes and the Himalayas, and on preserving the cultural patrimony of indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Since 1980 Dr. Reinhard has conducted anthropological field research primarily in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Ecuador. His investigations have led him to present theories from the perspective of sacred landscape to better understand pre-Hispanic ceremonial sites on mountain summits up to 6,739 m, the Nazca Lines (giant desert drawings), and the ancient ceremonial centers of Machu Picchu, Chav\u00edn de Huantar, and Tiahuanaco. During 1989-92 he directed the first Andean underwater archaeological research project in Lake Titicaca (3,812 m). In 1982-83 he conducted underwater archaeological investigations in two crater lakes, one on the summit of Licancabur at 5,850 m and the other at 5,800 m near the summit of Paniri (5,946 m).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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While making over 200 ascents over 5,200 m in the Andes, he led expeditions resulting in the discovery of more than 60 high-altitude Inca ritual sites. He directed teams that recovered four Inca human sacrifices on Ampato (6,312 m). His expeditions in the Andes during 1996-1999 led to the discovery of fourteen more Inca human sacrifices on five mountains above 5,500 m (18,044 ft), including three perfectly preserved mummies at 6,739 m on Llullaillaco, the world\u2019s highest archaeological site. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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He has lived more than ten years in the Himalayas, conducting anthropological research primarily in Nepal, but also in Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, and the Garhwal Himalaya. His studies included: Himalayan shamanism; the role of sacred mountains in Tibetan Buddhism and Hinduism; the sacred \"hidden lands\" of Tibetan Buddhism (seven of which he has explored); and culture change from nomadic hunting-gathering to settled agriculture among the Raji. In the late 1960s he was the first to study two of the world's last nomadic hunting and gathering tribes, the Raute and the Kusunda (speakers of one of the world's rarest languages), and to identify a Dravidian language (Dhangar) in Nepal. While in Nepal, he also directed Peace Corps Training Projects. Elsewhere in Asia he has conducted ethnographic research on Muslim fishermen in the Maldive Islands (Indian Ocean) (1977) and studied traditional religious practices in Mongolia (2012), Bali (Indonesia) (2007), Israel (2012), and Turkey (2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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While living in Europe, Dr. Reinhard participated in Austria's first underwater archaeological project (a Neolithic site at Mondsee) (1972). He was also a member of teams that undertook nautical archaeological research of Roman shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea off southern Italy (1965 and 1967) and of an Iron Age Villanovan village (1965) in an Italian lake (Bolsena Lake). He has investigated sacred mountains and traditional religion in Greece (2002). In Mexico he was a member of underwater archaeological investigations (2007, 2010) of sacred lakes of the Aztecs at 4,216 m on Mt. Toluca. In 2009 he participated on underwater archaeological research in Ecuador in the mountain lake of Culebrillas (3,915 m) and off the coast of Bahia de Car\u00e1quez. Research on traditional religious practices was carried out in Venezuela (2012) and Guatemala (2014). Underwater archaeological sites in Lake Issyk Kul in Kyrgyzstan were investigated in 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dr. Reinhard has over eighty publications, including six books and is a member of several organizations, including the American Anthropological Association, the American Alpine Club, the Explorers Club, the Institute of Andean Studies, the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, the Royal Geographical Society, the Society for American Archaeology, and the European Association of Archaeologists. Three museums have been built to exhibit the archeological finds made during his expeditions: the Museum of High Mountain Sanctuaries in Arequipa, Peru; the Museum of High Mountain Archaeology in Salta, Argentina; and a site museum in the village of Challapampa, Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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He has received numerous awards, including the Rolex Award in 1987 for Andean research, the Puma de Oro (1992) \u2014 the highest archaeological honor in Bolivia, the Gold Medal of the city of Arequipa (1996), the \u201cOutstanding Youth Book\u201d award for Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden<\/em> (1998), recognition by Outside magazine<\/em> as one of the \u201c25 Most Extraordinary Travelers, Athletes, and Explorers\u201d (2000), the title of \u201cPlanet Hero\u201d from Ford (2001), the Explorers Medal from the Explorers Club in New York (2002), the key to the city of Bahia de Car\u00e1quez (2009), and the Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal (2017) for his contribution to the preservation of Himalayan and Andean cultures through archaeological discoveries and scientific work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Publications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Books<\/h6>\n\n\n\n
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Inca Rituals and Sacred Mountains: A Study of the World’s Highest Archaeological Sites<\/em> (with Constanza Ceruti<\/a>), University of California. Los Angeles (2010) ISBN<\/a> 978-1931745765<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machu Picchu: Exploring an Ancient Sacred Center<\/em>, University of California, Los Angeles (2007) ISBN<\/a> 978-1931745444<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes<\/em>, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. (2005) ISBN<\/a> 978-1-4262-0176-9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Machu Picchu: The Sacred Center<\/em>, Instituto Machu Picchu, Lima (2002) ISBN<\/a> 9972966402<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Investigaciones arqueol\u00f3gicas en el Volc\u00e1n Llullaillaco: Complejo ceremonial incaico de alta monta\u00f1a<\/em> (with Constanza Ceruti), Universidad Cat\u00f3lica, Salta (2000) ISBN<\/a> 950-623-005-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discovering the Inca Ice Maiden<\/em>. National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. (1998) ISBN<\/a> 0-7922-7142-4<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exploraciones Arqueol\u00f3gicas Subacu\u00e1ticas en el Lago Titikaka<\/em>, (with Carlos Ponce et al.) Editorial La Palabra, La Paz (1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nazca Lines: A New Perspective on their Origin and Meaning.<\/em> Editorial Los Pinos, Lima (1988, 4th ed.) ISBN<\/a> 84-89291-17-9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las L\u00edneas de Nazca: Un Nuevo Enfoque sobre su Origen y Significado<\/em>, Editorial Los Pinos, Lima (1987) ISBN<\/a> 84-89291-18-7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nepal Cross-Cultural Trainers Manual (<\/em>with Underwood and Shrestha), <\/em>New Educational Research Associates, Kathmandu (1978)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Articles<\/h6>\n\n\n\n
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Ritual drug use during Inca human sacrifices on Ampato mountain (Peru): Results of a toxicological analysis, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 43 (co-authored with Socha D., et al.) (2022)
Inca human sacrifices from the Ampato and Pichu Pichu volcanoes, Peru: new results from a bio-anthropological analysis, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13, (co-authored with Socha D., et al.) (2022)
Inca Human Sacrifices on Misti Volcano (Peru), Latin American Antiquity 32(1): 138-153. (co-authored with Socha D., et al.) (2022) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inca Mummies on Andean Peaks. In The Modern Explorers<\/em>, Hanbury-Tenison, R. and Twigger, R. (eds.), Thames & Hudson, London (2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> (co-authored with A. Wilson, et al.) (2013)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sacred Featherwork of the Inca. In Peruvian Featherworks: Art of the Precolumbian Era<\/em>, King, H. (ed.), the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las Monta\u00f1as Sagradas y las Culturas Preincaicas de los Andes. In Am\u00e9rica: Tierras de Monta\u00f1as y Volcanes. Huellas de la Arqueolog\u00eda<\/em>. Ch\u00e1vez, M., Iwaniszewski, S., and Cabrera, R. (eds.), Instituto Nacional de Antropolog\u00eda y Historia (INAH), M\u00e9xico, D.F. (2012)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00edntesis de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en las Momias Congeladas del Volc\u00e1n Llullaillaco (co-authored with Constanza Ceruti, Previgliano, C., Gonz\u00e1lez J., & Arias F.). In XV Congreso Nacional de Arqueolog\u00eda Argentina<\/em>, Austral, A. and Tamagnini, M. (eds.) (2009)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inca Mummies: Child Sacrifice on Andean Peaks. In Discovery: Unearthing the New Treasures of Archaeology<\/em>, Fagan, B. (ed.), Thames & Hudson, London (2007)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stable isotope and DNA evidence for ritual sequences in Inca child sacrifice (co-authored with Andrew Wilson, et al.). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (<\/em>2007)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cloud Diving. In They Lived to Tell the Tale: True Stories of Modern Adventure from the Legendary Explorers Club<\/em>. Russell, J. (ed.), Lyons Press, New York (2007)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sacred Mountains, Ceremonial Sites, and Human Sacrifice Among the Inca (co-authored with Constanza Ceruti). Archaeoastronomy<\/em> (2005)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rescue Archaeology of the Inca Mummy on Mount Quehuar, Argentina (co-authored with Constanza Ceruti). In Proceedings of the Fifth World Mummy Congress<\/em>, Torino (2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Compositional Analysis of Pottery Vessels Associated with the Inca Ritual of Capacocha (co-authored with Tamara Bray, Minc, L., Ceruti, C., Perea, R. & Ch\u00e1vez, J.A.). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (2005)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Into the Hidden Crater\u2014An Andean Adventure. Explorers Journal<\/em> (2003)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paleoradiologic Evaluation of the Llullaillaco Mummies (co-authored with Carlos Previgliano, et al.). American Journal of Roentgenology <\/em>(2003)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A High Altitude Archaeological Survey in Northern Chile. Revista Chungara<\/a><\/em> (2002)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sacred Landscape: The Prehistoric Cultures of the Andes. In Extreme Landscape<\/em>, MacDonald, B. (ed.), National Geographic Society (2002)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coropuna: Templo y Monta\u00f1a de los Incas. Revista del Centro de Investigaciones Arqueol\u00f3gicas de Alta Monta\u00f1a<\/em> (2001)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frozen in Time. National Geographic 196 (5)<\/em> (1999)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New Inca Mummies. National Geographic 194 (I)<\/em> (1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Temple of Blindness: An Investigation of the Inca Shrine of Ancocagua, Andean Past<\/em> (1998)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Llullaillaco: Investigaci\u00f3n del Yacimiento Arqueol\u00f3gico m\u00e1s Alto del Mundo, Anales de Arqueolog\u00eda y Etnolog\u00eda<\/em> (1997)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sharp Eyes of Science Probe the Mummies of Peru. National Geographic (1997)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peru\u2019s Ice Maidens. National Geographic<\/em> (1996)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

House of the Sun: The Inca Temple of Vilcanota. Latin American Antiquity<\/em> (1995)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Llullaillaco: An Investigation of the World’s Highest Archaeological Site. Latin American Indian Languages Journal<\/em> (1993)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tiahuanaco, Centro Sagrado de los Andes, In Gu\u00eda Cultural y Tur\u00edstica de Bolivia.<\/em> Fundaci\u00f3n Cultural, La Paz (1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Underwater Archaeological Research in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. In Ancient America:<\/em> Contributions to New World Archaeology<\/em>, Saunders, N. (ed.), Oxbow Books, Oxford (1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

An Archaeological Investigation of Inca Ceremonial Platforms on the Volcano Copiapo, Central Chile, In Ancient America:<\/em> Contributions to New World Archaeology<\/em>, Saunders, N. (ed.), Oxbow Books, Oxford (1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sacred Peaks of the Andes. National Geographic <\/em>(1992)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interpreting the Nazca Lines. In The Ancient Americas: Art From Sacred Landscapes<\/em>, Townsend, R. (ed.), The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Investigaci\u00f3n Arqueol\u00f3gica de las Plataformas Inca Ceremoniales en los Volcanes de Copiapo y Jotabeche (Regi\u00f3n de Atacama). Revista Contribuci\u00f3n Arqueol\u00f3gica<\/em> (1991)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tiwanaku: Ensayo sobre su cosmovisi\u00f3n. Revista Pumapunku <\/em>(1991)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tiahuanaco, Sacred Center of the Andes. In The Cultural Guide of Bolivia<\/em>, McFarren, P. (ed.), Fundaci\u00f3n Cultural Quipus, La Paz (1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heights of Interest. South American Explorer <\/em>(1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Informe sobre una secci\u00f3n del camino Inca y las ruinas en la cresta que baja del nevado de Tucarhuay. Revista Sacsahuaman <\/em>(1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mysteries of Lake Titicaca: Archaeology Beneath the Waves. In The Cultural Guide of Bolivia<\/em>, McFarren, P. (ed.), Fundaci\u00f3n Cultural Quipus, La Paz (1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Nazca Lines, Water and Mountains: An Ethno-archaeological Study. In Recent Studies in Pre-Columbian Archaeology<\/em>, N. Saunders and O. de Montmollin (eds.), British Archaeological Reports, Oxford<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Sacred Himalaya, American Alpine Journal<\/em> (1987)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chav\u00edn y Tiahuanaco: Una Nueva Perspectiva de Dos Centros Ceremoniales Andinos. Bolet\u00edn de Lima<\/em> (1987)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chavin and Tiahuanaco: A New Look at Two Andean Ceremonial Centers. National Geographic Research<\/em> (1985)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sacred Mountains: An Etthno-Archaeological Study of High Andean Ruins. Mountain Research and Development<\/em> (1985)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

High-Altitude Archaeology and Andean Mountain Gods. American Alpine Journal <\/em>(1983)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las Monta\u00f1as Sagradas: Un Estudio Etnoarqueol\u00f3gico de Ruinas en las Altas Cumbres Andinas. Cuadernos de Historia<\/em> (1983)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Expedici\u00f3n Arqueol\u00f3gica al Volc\u00e1n Licancabur (co-authored with Ana Maria Baron). Revista de Corporaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia<\/em> (1981)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chonos of the Chilean Archipelago. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research<\/em> (1981)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ascensi\u00f3n al Volc\u00e1n Licancabur y Otros Nevados (co-authored with George Serracino and Ana Maria Bar\u00f3n). Revista del Centro de Investigaciones Arqueol\u00f3gicos de Alta Monta\u00f1a <\/em>(1980)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khembalung: The Hidden Valley. Kailash, A Journal of Himalayan Studies<\/em> (1978)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shamanism among the Raji of Southwest Nepal. In Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas<\/em>, Hitchcock, J. & Jones, R. (eds.), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi (1976)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shamanism and Spirit Possession: The Definition Problem. In Spirit Possession in the Nepal Himalayas<\/em>, Hitchcock, J. & Jones, R. (eds.), Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi (1976)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Ban Rajas: A Vanishing Tribe. Contributions to Nepalese Studies<\/em> (1976)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Raute: Notes on a Nomadic Hunting and Gathering Tribe of Nepal. Kailash, A Journal of Himalayan Studies<\/em> (1974)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Underwater Archaeology in Austria: A Preliminary Report. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration <\/em>(1974)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preliminary Report on Wood Working in Nepal. Anzeiger der philosophische-historischen Klasse der Osterreichischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften <\/em>(1969)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preliminary Report on Pottery Making in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Anzeiger der philosophische-historischen Klasse der Osterreichischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften <\/em>(1969)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aper\u00e7u sur les Kusunda: peuple chasseur du N\u00e9pal, Objets et Mondes<\/em> (1969The Kusunda: Ethnographic Notes on a Hunting Tribe of Nepal. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research<\/em> (1968)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Johan Reinhard Archeolog, antropolog i odkrywca mumii Capacocha. Konsultant merytoryczny projektu i uczestnik bada\u0144 terenowych o mnie Dr Johan Reinhard by\u0142 Rezydentem-Odkrywc\u0105 (Explorer-in-Residence) w National Geographic Society (NGS) w latach 1999\u20132013 oraz w 1997 roku. Obecnie wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z NGS jako Odkrywca (Explorer), jako profesor badawczy na Future Generations University oraz jako starszy pracownik naukowy w […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":265239570,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_about_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_gallery_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_contact_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_events_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_video_page":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_portfolio_piece":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-904","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/PgvW9Y-eA","jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/265239570"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=904"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1760,"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/904\/revisions\/1760"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/capacochaproject.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}